The effect of smoking on obesity: evidence from a randomized trial. The present study finds a 4.4% increment of the overweight (indicates BMI changes) prevalence after the pandemic inception (30.5% and 34.9%; before and after 6-month of the pandemic inception). Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Roles Data curation, There is a limited study concerning the issues of overweight and its related factors in Bangladesh. Formal analysis, Besides, maintaining a proper diet plan was the only factor that significantly altered BMI status during this pandemic. Adequate physical activities result in a positive impact on the immune system. These results may prove to be useful inputs in policymaking decisions regarding potential actions to combat the exacerbated adult obesity epidemic as the COVID-19 pandemic subsides. Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, In Tables 1 & 2, based on Chi-square tests, the associations of socio-demographics (Table 1) and physical activity-related variables (Table 2) with both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were presented. Therefore, physical activity is a significant lifestyle behavior in long-term weight reduction, and maintaining an ideal weight, and there is no beyond following it [54]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.01.012. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click That is, 10.8% of the participants without having any diet plan reported increasing their BMI after the pandemic inception; whereas, 12.7% reported decreasing their BMI by following a proper diet plan. Project administration, Dichotomous responses (i.e., yes or no) were collected for the questions such as the presence of outdoor space close to the house for performing physical exercise and performing physical exercise regularly. Supervision, In 20172018, 42.4 percent of U.S. adults experienced obesity, according to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Participation was voluntary in this survey, and before data collection, informed consent was taken from the participants after describing the aims and purpose of the study. In this regard, studies investigating how the COVID-19 pandemic-related physical activity changes impact the BMI levels after its inception are needed for implementing strategies. Yes Conceptualization, Adult obesity prevalence in the United States was trending upward in the years before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Funding: The present study did not get any financial supports. An online-based cross-sectional study collected data from 338 Bangladeshi adults in November 2020. Methodology, Individuals suffering from chronic health problems are highly susceptible to develop severe complications from this disease, which is also alleged to increase the mortality rate [33,34]. As the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded, several studies collected small and relatively homogenous samples to track U.S. adult obesity rates and obesity-related risk factors. No, Is the Subject Area "Body weight" applicable to this article? Yes The overall N=3,577,090. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, obese people are more susceptible to the worse outcome of COVID-19 symptoms, including poor quality of life concerned with medical attention such as more extended hospital stay, type-2 respiratory failure, shift into ICU, and increased mortality rate [1517]. Validation, Meanwhile, the number of days in the period of a month in which alcohol was consumed was 2.7 percent higher, and cigarette smoking dropped by 4 percent. No, Is the Subject Area "COVID 19" applicable to this article? For calculating the BMI changes, the assessed BMI status during the pandemic was subtracted with the status of the non-pandemic to observe whether the status was increased, decreased, or became neutral during the COVID-19 period. The recent estimation suggests an increment in incidence rate in Bangladesh (where the present study was carried out), that is, 17% overweight (including 3.3% obesity) was reported in the year 2013, which was 7% in 1980 [13,14]. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. [4,5]. The overall N=1,907,798. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password, If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password. Indeed, higher alcohol intake has been shown to be a risk factor for obesity in some adults, particularly when it is not compensated for through reductions in intake of other calorie-dense foods and beverages. Yes In 2016, 39% of adults were reported as overweight; on the other hand, 13% were obese [12]. obesity ecological consortium behalf Formal analysis, Over half of them were students (52.1%), and the majority portion lived in a high-quality house (62.1%) and district area (50.9%) (Table 1). Using a large nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged 20 years from the 20112020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, linear regression models estimated intra-pandemic changes in average BMI and obesity prevalence rates as well as 4 obesity-related risk factors. Participants diet plan during the pandemic was also assessed for this study. Using a large nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged 20 years from the 20112020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, linear regression models estimated intra-pandemic changes in average BMI and obesity prevalence rates as well as 4 obesity-related risk factors. Unfortunately, these measures have shown adverse effects. Methodology, All analyses were conducted using Stata, version 17. It should be mentioned that, from this dataset, a manuscript with different objectives is published [61]. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses the Adult Body Mass Index (BMI) to define weight categories and has determined that people aged 20 and older with a BMI of 30 or higher are categorized as obese. Unfortunately, none of the socio-demographics was found significantly associated with the BMI changes, except the age group (2 = 10.457, p<0.05) (Table 3). vol Another study observed that about 56% of participants had snacks more frequently, and overeating and a low-quality diet with lower physical activity levels exacerbate the problem [23]. Suffering from migraine pain was assessed using 3- point Likert item (i.e., yes, sometimes, and never) as a previous study indicated that migraine sufferers were more likely to be overweight, obese, or morbidly obese, and found a significant relationship between BMI and migraine attack frequency [31]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024.s001. Another important limitation is that BRFSS respondents were not asked whether they had COVID-19, which may have affected obesity-related risk factors. The study found that, compared with a pre-pandemic baseline period (January 1, 2019, to March 12, 2020), adult obesity prevalence was 3 percent higher over the period from March 13, 2020, to March 18, 2021, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology, Also, the authors would like to thank all the participants and research assistants, without whom the self-funded study would not be able to implement.

Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Roles Therefore, a proper diet plan can reduce overweight, which is also reflected in this study. The virus has a wide range of signs and symptoms, from asymptomatic to mild and severe clinical symptoms like severe respiratory failure in the body [35,36]. In addition, the study primarily relied on self-reported questionnaires (there is a possibility of memory recall bias) to assess the outcomes and failed to establish a clinical diagnosis, which may limit the study. Investigation, Given the importance of physical activities in maintaining physical and mental health, this study can add value in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hill et al. CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, here. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024.t002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024.t003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024.t004. The findings and conclusions in this study are those of the author and should not be construed to represent any official U.S. Department of Agriculture or U.S. Government determination or policy. The prepandemic n=1,652,408 and intra-pandemic n=255,390. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click (Table 4). Of the total sample (N = 338), the majority of the participants were male (63.6%) and young adults (37.6%). Source: 20112020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The difference between before the COVID-19 pandemic BMI and during the COVID-19 pandemic BMI was assessed using the McNemar test. However, being an exploratory study, the findings reported herein will be helpful for future studies and health policymakers to adopt strategies preventing the double burden of diseases, COVID-19 and obesity. To analyze the overall change in adult obesity prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic, a researcher at the USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS) used data from the 2011 to 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a nationally representative survey that assesses chronic health conditions and health-related risk behaviors of the U.S. population aged 18 and older. Results showed that the prevalence of overweight was 30.5% before the COVID-19 pandemic, which increased to 34.9% during the pandemic; that means 4.4% of the participants significantly gained weight after the pandemic inception. No, Is the Subject Area "Obesity" applicable to this article? We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Image, Download Hi-res The present study suggests that a minor portion of the participants reported increasing their overweight status after the pandemic inception, whereas having a proper diet plan during the pandemic can significantly decrease BMI status. Writing original draft, An official website of the United States government. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.01.012. Address correspondence to: Brandon J. Restrepo, PhD, Diet, Safety and Health Economics Branch, Food Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 355 E Street, Southwest, Washington DC 20024. Participants occupation was significantly associated with only before pandemic BMI status (2 = 29.078, p<0.05). Several behaviors that can influence obesity riskexercise, sleep duration, alcohol use, and smokingare also examined to help explain observed changes in average BMI and obesity prevalence rates. Findings also showed statistically significant changes in each of the four obesity-related behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adult peoples BMI more than or equal to 25 and more than or equal to 30 detects overweight and obesity, respectively [12]. Female adolescents were at a lower risk of being overweight than males in another study [27]. Conceptualization, Furthermore, it is alleged that there is a lack of proper planning, implementation, and monitoring, although the government introduced many NCD-related policies or programs [60]. Roles In addition, where the relationships between changes in BMI (increased, decreased, and neutral) during the pandemic from before the pandemic and the studied socio-demographic and physical activity -related variables were presented based on the Chi-square tests (Tables 3 & 4). Furthermore, suffering from migraine pain was not significantly associated with altering BMI status in the present study. Besides, the authors involved in this research communication do not have any relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) the findings. After these restrictions were imposed, people had to be confined, and their physical inactivity rate increased for an extended period. A structured questionnaire concerning socio-demographic, health-related issues, physical activity, and diet plan was adhered to a survey link to collect data. Besides, mental health problems like anxiety, depression, sleep problems, even suicidality, etc., are associated with less physical activity [32,3942], which is also observed in Bangladesh as reported in the recent systematic reviews [43,44]. The gender was not significantly associated with BMI status of either before or during the COVID-19 pandemic. Visualization, Therefore, the present study objectives are to investigate aforementioned knowledge gap for the first time in Bangladesh. A lock ( The preventive strategies designed to minimize the virus transmission by remaining at home, being isolated, and keeping social distance, which would substantially reform peoples lifestyle, physical activity, eating habits, etc. suppversity mild chronic stress nutrition exercise everyone science overactivation leads figure In line with the situation, the confinement effect on eating habits also leads to people increasing their BMI status; that is, 48.6% overweight is reported in Italy [47]. Is the Subject Area "Pandemics" applicable to this article? [53]. Yes As the pandemic conditions improve in the United States, this ERS studys results can inform U.S. policymakers about the state of the obesity epidemic among U.S. adults as well as the contributing obesity-related behaviors. Please enter a term before submitting your search. However, the rate of overweight during the pandemic (34.9%) is remarkably similar to the previous studies [45,46], where 38.8% and 37.3% of the participants increased their body weight on an average of 2.6 kg between 1 to 3 kg, respectively. here. It is said that participants with higher BMI negatively change in eating and physical activity behavior and obstacles to manage weight during the lockdown period [23]. Participants were asked questions regarding their health-related issues based on before and after 6-month of the pandemic inception at the same period of time-based on their memory recall. Adjusting body mass for measurement error with invalid validation data. Data curation, No, Is the Subject Area "Physical activity" applicable to this article? Data were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22 and Microsoft excel 2019. In addition, none of the physical activities-related variables was significantly associated with the status of BMI of either before or during the pandemic (Table 2).

The COVID-19 is caused by a newly introduced virus named SARS-CoV-2, which has been turned into a pandemic. p411 The prepandemic n=3,374,039 and intra-pandemic n=251,141. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS PLoS ONE 17(3): Diet, Safety and Health Economics Branch, Food Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia. The overall N=3,607,272. corbis jeffry myers fatter Yes Future work exploiting longitudinal data to explore the dynamics of weight status among the same individuals during the pandemic would be useful. Therefore, although minor portions of the people reported increasing their BMI status, concerns should be provided in regulating the modifiable risk factors. There was no significant role of socio-demographic (e.g., gender, age, current residence, occupation) or physical activity-related factors (e.g., unavailability of outdoor space, not performing regular physical exercise, exercising with a partner) in changing the BMI status after the pandemic inception. However, none of those above studies provided information on (i) the prevalence of overweight/obesity for before and during the pandemic, (ii) the associations of socio-demographics and physical activities with the BMI changes during the pandemic (compared to before the pandemic). Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Obesity is a modifiable risk factor of non-communicable diseases as well as the COVID-19. Self-rated height and weight were collected to measure the BMI (body mass index), where BMI categorization was followed by the WHO guideline [12]. In 20172018, obesity prevalence among U.S. adults was estimated to be 42.4%.

To prevent overweight and obesity, proper weight management, and regular physical exercise are considered crucial components, which can also help tackle cardiovascular health-related issues [24]. Where 21.6% to 26.7% overweight rate increased among students after the inception of the pandemic (Table 1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024.g001. Moreover, obesity is a complex disease, and there are many risky behaviors that could have contributed to the higher obesity prevalence rates documented here, including changes in dietary intake that are unmeasured in the BRFSS data. Conceptualization, But given the unpredictable nature of the pandemic, health issues related to the pandemic (e.g., lockdown increasing the risk of obesity) should be given in the priority list with the effectiveness of national policies that are driven and implemented by the experts, where this study finding can be used.

The COVID-19 pandemic is undoubtedly a major threat to the world. Writing original draft, ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Obesity Prevalence Among U.S. The WHO [59] started a campaign Be Active during the COVID-19 pandemic to motivate people to be physically active. Economic burden of obesity: a systematic literature review. However, following a proper diet plan during the COVID-19 pandemic was observed to decrease BMI status significantly. This study contributes to the literature by using nationally representative data on adults aged 20 years from the 20112020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to analyze changes in average BMI and obesity prevalence rates during the pandemic. Resources, Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Writing review & editing, Affiliations Physical inactivity also ultimately lessens organ system efficiency to tackle the virus infection and exacerbates the risk of destroying the immune, respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal systems, and brains [8,9]. This research was supported by the Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Participants were asked questions regarding their physical activities based on two time periods (that is, before and after 6-month of the pandemic inception). Citation: Akter T, Zeba Z, Hosen I, Al-Mamun F, Mamun MA (2022) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on BMI: Its changes in relation to socio-demographic and physical activity patterns based on a short period. Formal analysis, Writing review & editing, Affiliation Therefore, developing reliable and fitted recommendations and tools to promote health and avoid the future burden of non-communicable diseases associated with obesity is highly recommended with a special concern to the risky individuals. Previous studies reported that lockdown-related factors (i.e., mandatory lockdown, self-isolation, and social movement limitation) lead to continuous stress and panic in human life [44], which ultimately alter our eating habits and lead us to an unhealthy diet which is a major contributing factor for developing obesity [5052]. On the other hand, the age group was significantly associated with both before and during pandemic BMI statuses (2 = 26.771, p<0.001, and 2 = 18.274, p<0.05, respectively). Similarly, about 64.2% reported having outdoor space for exercise before the pandemic, whereas a negligible reduction (63.3%) was found during the pandemic. e0266024. That is, 12.7% of individuals reported reducing their weight by following an appropriate diet plan during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prepandemic n=3,349,482 and intra-pandemic n=257,790. Investigation, The unhealthy diet pattern and prolonged physical inactivity can alter BMI status and lead to a major health problem named the obesity epidemic, which is comorbid with multiple chronic severe illnesses [10]. In this study, a much larger sample from a nationally representative survey was used to investigate changes in average BMI, obesity prevalence rates, and 4 obesity-related risk factors in the U.S. adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Being a cross-sectional study with small sample size, the present study can be limited.

[58] advised that to prevent the future burden of psychiatric and cardiometabolic disorders after the COVID-19 era, strategies focusing on healthiest lifestyle behavior, where a healthy diet plan and regular physical exercise at home should be included. The ERS researcher also examined four behaviors that can influence the risk of obesityexercise, hours of sleep, alcohol use, and cigarette smokingto help explain changes in adult obesity prevalence rates. At the earlier period of the COVID-19 pandemic, several public health preventive strategies were adopted to suppress the virus transmission. Nearly three-fourths of the participants (i.e., 73.7%) had no healthy diet plan during the pandemic. This study adhered to the Helsinki Declaration 2013 guideline [30]. If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the Reset Password button. In addition, having a diet plan during the pandemic was significantly associated with the BMI change (2 = 9.580, p<0.05).

Overweight is defined as a health impairment due to the bodys gradually aggregating unnecessary fats [12]. Changes in average BMI, obesity prevalence rates, and obesity-related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. By increasing total energy expenditure, physical activity can allow to maintain balanced energy or lose weight and slow down the growth of abdominal obesity. The lockdown-related features include (i) social distancing for general people, (ii) quarantine for suspected cases, (iii) isolation for confirmed cases, etc. The first case of COVID-19 was detected in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019, and after its inception, the entire world has been infected with the virus very rapidly [1]. Also, the participants physical exercise performing pattern (i.e., never, alone dual, group) was assessed [32]. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. To estimate intra-pandemic changes in average BMI, obesity prevalence rates, and 4 obesity-related risk measuresparticipation in any physical activity in the past month, average sleep hours in a 24-hour period, number of days in the past month when any amount of alcohol was consumed, and cigarette smoking every day or on some daysamong adults aged 20 years in the 20112020 BRFSS, the following linear regression model was estimated by ordinary least squares: The primary dependent variable of interest, BMI, is derived from self-reported height and weight. In conclusion, the present study has revealed that the BMI status during the COVID-19 pandemic has been increased by waxing the overweight rate. Nearly half (48.8%) of the participants reported performing regular physical exercise before the pandemic, but it was 34.6% for during the pandemic (Table 2). The causes of obesity: an in-depth review. No, Is the Subject Area "Diet" applicable to this article? However, because the pandemic surveys did not represent the overall U.S. adult population, findings derived from them did not fully show how much obesity rates changed for adults during the pandemic. image, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-014-0129-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.10.006, https://doi.org/10.15406/aowmc.2020.10.00312, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003, Average hours of sleep in a 24-hour period, Number of days in the past month alcohol was consumed, Currently, smoking some days or every day, Never attended school or only kindergarten, College 4 years or more (college graduate), Married or a member of an unmarried couple, Number of children under 18 years of age in the household. As aforementioned, the COVID-19 crisis has already increased sedentary behaviors and unhealthy lifestyles, especially among youths [1820], which are the common predictor that can impact BMI [21,22]. The mean age of the participants was 27.07 8.05 years (age range was 1865). LockA locked padlock Besides, the anonymity and confidentiality of their data were also ensured, along with the right to withdraw their participation whenever they wanted. Supervision, Resources, Obesity-related issues in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality can play a critical role by lowering immunity, which is also predicted for the Bangladeshis [29]. Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Obesity is already a hidden pandemic in the twenty-first century [11]. Relative to the 2019 to March 12, 2020 period, significantly higher average BMI and obesity prevalence rates during the COVID-19 pandemic were observed among adults. Relative to the 2019 to prepandemic 2020 period, significantly higher average BMI (+0.6%, p<0.05, N=3,555,865) and obesity prevalence rates (+3%, p<0.05, N=3,555,865) were observed among U.S. adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Though prior studies provide insights into how obesity prevalence changed during the pandemic, it is unclear whether results from nonrepresentative samples generalize to the broader adult population. In addition, to keep the energy balanced and daily energy expenditure, voluntary activities can play a role [56]; whereas regular physical activity can help in controlling overeating behavior and reducing anxiety-related weight gain [57]. The effectiveness of physical activity can also be increased by dietary modification [54]. The primary independent variable of interest (. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Also, the sample was not representative and was collected by the online sampling method; thus, the results cannot be generalized. Participation in exercise rose 4.4 percent, and people slept 1.5 percent longer. The prevalence rate of overweight, underweight, normal and obesity is reported in Fig 1. Investigation, Data curation, Initially, about 342 online survey responses were recorded, and after removing the incomplete responses, 338 participants were included for final analysis.