If none of the trained objects are detected in the captured frame, then it will calculate the distance through the ultrasonic sensors.

The device can work in real-time scenarios, as the processing time for object detection is a few milliseconds. Calik, R.C. The Algorithm 1 elaborates the steps of object detection for a visually impaired person after the training of the dataset is as follows: The proposed module consists of a DSP processor with a distance sensor, camera, and power supply. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journals are solely

Our project is a boon to such people as our end product; a smart walking stick detects the trained objects that are used daily by the person and intimates the person using audio messages. This paper represents an IoT-enabled automated object recognition system that simplifies the mobility problems of the visually impaired in indoor and outdoor environments.

A system to identify products in their everyday routine by this system consists of a camera, a speaker and an image processing system that tries to detect the object and transform that object into the audio form and inform blind person about those objects. 10331038. So, one of the objectives of the proposed system is to differentiate between trained objects and obstacles. This paper simplifies the mobility problems of the users by secure and safe movement in indoor and outdoor environments. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally, Kerala, India, 2 ; Yoo, J.-W.; Ko, S.-J. If an object is detected in the captured image frame, equivalent audio is played after the detection of an object to convey information to the user.

The detected image is converted to speech by using the gTTS module and the audio result is provided to the user through a headset.

Global Trends in the Magnitude of Blindness and Visual Impairment. This proof of concept system can handle clothes in deficient color without any pattern, as well as clothing with multiple colors and complex patterns to aid both blind and color deficient people. The performance of the proposed device has been tested on 36 people, including 20 visually impaired and 16 blind-folded people belonging to different age groups. Patil, K.; Jawadwala, Q.; Shu, F.C. As the model is trained with most of those objects that it comes across in daily life, there is a smaller probability that the ultrasonic sensor will be used, apart from a case where the user is within a closed space with a distance less than the threshold. 1 0 obj The proposed system assists the visually impaired to recognize objects which the visually impaired cannot identify generally. %PDF-1.7 Get all the latest information on Events, Sales and Offers. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. The time-domain analysis of the proposed system is given in. To read text, Optical Character Recognizer (OCR) is used after preprocessing the input image frame. This type of [, Fukasawa, A.J. 47604763. ; Boon, N.L. [. Lpez-De-Ipia, D.; Lorido, T.; Lpez, U. BlindShopping: Enabling Accessible Shopping for Visually Impaired People through Mobile Technologies. The information about the images, such as the size of the image, size, and position of the bounding box or bounding boxes (in case of multiple instances or multiple objects in the same image), were recorded and saved into the .xml format. Device instructions can also be made multi-lingual by just recording the instructions in other languages.

A novel camera-based computer vision technology to automatically recognize banknotes to assist visually impaired people and employs the spatial relationship of matched SURF features to detect if there is a bill in the camera view, which largely alleviates false recognition. After completing augmentation, the dataset in the training and validation set was increased by 10 times the initial set of images, which resulted in a wide variety of images. Third is the case in which a number of multiple objects of various categories are present in the captured scene, which can require a considerably longer time to convey audio information to the user. Al-Madani, B.; Orujov, F.; Maskeliunas, R.; Damaeviius, R.; Venckauskas, A. visually impaired obstacle estimation disnet monocular Eng. <> permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. A Haptic Solution to Assist Visually Impaired in Mobility Tasks. Jarraya, S.K. If the calculated distance is less than the threshold, then it will be considered as an obstacle. These frames can also help to construct a proper dataset and to approach the challenging scenario, which can be dealt with to develop much more robust devices. Kang, M.-C.; Chae, S.-H.; Sun, J.-Y. Captured frames were pre-processed and fed into the trained model, and if any object which was trained with the model was detected, a bounding box was drawn around that object and a respective label was generated for that object. The prototype consists of several modules. [. Mancini, A.; Frontoni, E.; Zingaretti, P. Mechatronic System to Help Visually Impaired Users during Walking and Running. impaired As the similarity in banknotes is greater, confusion matrix for currency notes is shown in. detect impaired invention RIS. Video Technol. An assistive system is proposed for visually impaired persons through which they can perceive their surroundings and objects in real-time and navigate independently. ; Li, K.; Fei, L.-F. ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. The conversion to audio signals is done by using an e-Speak tool which forms Googles Text to Speech (gTTS) system. [, Lin, T.-Y. Deep learning-based object detection, in assistance with various distance sensors, is used to make the user aware of obstacles, to provide safe navigation where all information is provided to the user in the form of audio. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. [, Deng, J.; Dong, W.; Socher, R.; Li, L.-J. When the calculated distance through the ultrasonic sensor is below the threshold value, the device makes an acoustic warning or vibrates, but it can be irritating for a visually impaired person who is standing in a crowd and repeatedly listening same prompt or continuous vibrations. Images are augmented and manually annotated to achieve more robustness. Blind or visually impaired people does not have any conscious about the danger they are facing in their daily life. Various rehabilitation workers and teachers working in this field were also involved to help to conduct the experiments smoothly.

; Das, A.; Jonas, J.B.; Keeffe, J.; Kempen, J.H.

x=F|:GZoE _&z& I#'n5xWuMW..?^n9i~qe=cq_EW6mWo^?Qq(xIH7(`2YIpNL_'WMOIQM/Nl.^I5i< n=e#p'{7W.'7=v38|@&Cp"4\ 5ON=y#L]D~u}=rdxL:=1s ?8fN3DN H %"|-Ji9'wLt/zE*G=wp"zw2rlf{wUu|4_ indoors impaired visually recognition object vision fig computer based Darknet-53 is used as a feature extractor in YOLO-v3 that is composed of 53 convolutional layers. The activity diagram for the working of the assistive framework is illustrated in. These kinds of devices are accurate in terms of location, but are ineffective in case of obstacle avoidance and object identification.

Ton, C.; Omar, A.; Szedenko, V.; Tran, V.H. yolo impaired algorithm hauled bins By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. Visually impaired people use Electronic Travel Aids (ETA) to detect obstacles and identify services to provide safe and informative navigation. The model file after training on different object classes is tested on a real-time live video feed along with images left for the testing dataset. ; Leasher, J.; Limburg, H.; et al. The block diagram for proposed methodology is represented in, Many datasets are available for object detection, such as PASCAL [, All collected images were then augmented to resist the trained model from overfitting and to perform more robust and accurate object detection for visually impaired persons. and M.K.D., methodology, R.C.J., experimental setup, R.C.J., S.Y. [, Tekin, E.; Coughlan, J.M. In addition to computer vision-based techniques for object recognition, a distance-measuring sensor is integrated to make the device more comprehensive by recognizing obstacles while navigating from one place to another. Meshram, V.V. Croce, D.; Giarre, L.; Pascucci, F.; Tinnirello, I.; Galioto, G.E. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This project changes the visual world into an audio world by informing the visually impaired of the objects in their environment. Once the performance testing is complete, the trained model is loaded onto a small DSP processor and equipped with ultrasonic sensors to detect the obstacles.

Aladrn, A.; Lopez-Nicolas, G.; Puig, L.; Guerrero, J.J. Navigation Assistance for the Visually Impaired Using RGB-D Sensor with Range Expansion.

Yang, X.; Yuan, S.; Tian, Y. Assistive Clothing Pattern Recognition for Visually Impaired People. 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Workshops. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Recognition-by-components: a theory of human image understanding. The system is made for hundred objects of different classes.

Publishing. ; Romera, E.; Cheng, R.; Chen, T.; Wang, K. Unifying terrain awareness through real-time semantic segmentation. More sensors will be associated with it to detect, for example, downstairs and other trajectories, giving a wider range of assistance to the visually impaired. First, all audio files for the name of objects label are optimized such that there is no silence in recording, except the space in between two words. endobj ; Maire, M.; Belongie, S.; Hays, J.; Perona, P.; Ramanan, D.; Dollr, P.; Zitnick, C.L. Output information optimization was further performed to increase the robustness of the system. Fuzzy Logic Type-2 Based Wireless Indoor Localization System for Navigation of Visually Impaired People in Buildings. However, the effective utilization of sensor-based technologies and computer vision could result in a highly efficient and supportive device, to make them aware of the surroundings.

Design and Construction of Electronic Aid for Visually Impaired People. The device is programmed to work in a fully automatic manner to perform object recognition and obstacle detection. An automated common object and currency recognition system can improve the safe movement and transaction activity of visually impaired people. Frame processing time in blind assistive devices is different for a normal human and visually impaired persons. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. A hardware-based robotic cane is proposed for assistance in walking. IEEE Trans. A camera-based assistive system for visually impaired or blind persons to read text from signage and objects that are held in the hand and then communicate this information aurally, which outperforms previous algorithms on some measures.

; Al-Shehri, W.S. The whole set-up is implemented in the single board DSP processor and has specifications of 64-bit, quad-core, and 1.5 GHz, as well as 4 GB SDRAM. Otherwise, if the calculated distance is more than the threshold, then the next image frame will be captured and processed. 34853492. After using this device, the proposed framework was found to be comfortable and easy to use in crowded areas. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Results for different object classes in different scenarios are shown below in, Different approaches for object classification and object detection were also tested in given datasets, such as VGG-16, VGG-19 and Alexnet. The transfer learning method requires a pre-trained model and it will be beneficial when a similar dataset is already trained over this model and respective generated trained model files will be used for transfer learning. For example, in a case where 5 people are present in the scene, the conventional system will take the equivalent of five times to prompt the word person, or more (because of a time gap in between pronouncing two words). MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Changshu, China, 2630 June 2018; pp. Trinocular Microscope with DIN Objective and Camera 40x - 2000x, Binocular Inverted Metallurgical Microscope 100x - 1200x, Trinocular Inverted Metallurgical Microscope 100x - 1200x, Microscope Blank Glass Slides, 50 cover slips, Junior Medical Microscope with Wide Field Eyepiece & LED 100x - 1500x. [. >xDGyEvo{FXdI{dT'aJ$a>? The higher values in the respective classes show the high differentiation between the two classes.

Once the images were annotated, the respective annotation files were also generated. Published by Elsevier B.V. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpbup.2021.100015. To deal with this issue, the number of object categories is limited to three, but can be extended to five object classes for indoor circumstances. BibTeX Refreshable braille displays, screen magnifiers, and screen readers are also used to obtain information while using computer or mobile systems. Real-time objects in an image are detected with their names represented on a bounding box and these names are converted to speech signals. The whole framework is standalone and designed for low-cost processors, so that the visually impaired can use it properly without internet connectivity. Object Detection and Translation for Blind People Using Deep Learning, Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features, Robust and Effective Component-Based Banknote Recognition for the Blind, Recognizing clothes patterns for blind people by confidence margin based feature combination, Assistive Text Reading from Complex Background for Blind Persons, Bipolarity and Projective Invariant-Based Zebra-Crossing Detection for the Visually Impaired, Context-based indoor object detection as an aid to blind persons accessing unfamiliar environments, Visual saliency as an aid to updating digital maps, Wearable Mobility Aid for Low Vision Using Scene Classification in a Markov Random Field Model Framework. <>/Metadata 388 0 R/ViewerPreferences 389 0 R>> View 2 excerpts, references background and methods. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal, 1996-2022 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Neural Correlates of Natural Human Echolocation in Early and Late Blind Echolocation Experts. Chen, X.; Xu, J.; Yu, Z. In near vision impairment, vision is poorer than M.08 or N6, even after correction. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1318 June 2010; pp. To keep doing their daily tasks, vision-impaired people usually seek help from others. progress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. Then, real-time object detection is carried out by using YOLO network. ; Aftab, A.; Perla, F.; Bernstein, M.J.; Yang, Y. LIDAR Assist Spatial Sensing for the Visually Impaired and Performance Analysis. Navigation becomes more difficult around places other than the visually impaired persons own home or places that are not familiar. You are accessing a machine-readable page. Images of objects that are highly relevant in the lives of the visually challenged are trained using deep learning neural networks. Four laser sensors are used in the system to detect the objects in the direction of the front, left, right and ground. impaired prototype kinect The text reader mode can be used efficiently where the user has a necessity to read, such as when reading a book, a restaurant menu, etc. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. The proposed system assists the visually impaired to recognize several objects and provides an audio message to aware the user. Guerra, E.; De Lara, J.; Malizia, A.; Daz, P. Supporting user-oriented analysis for multi-view domain-specific visual languages. These people can use this particular prototype for self -navigating their way. ; Oliva, A.; Torralba, A. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematics, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2022 June 2011; LNCS 6719. pp. detection object space impaired obstacle visually detectors impaired assistive 4 0 obj Thus, the information transmission time will increase with an increase in the number of the objects in current image frame and cause a delay to processing the next frame.