[38], An important field of current research concerns structures that were restored between the earthquake of 62 and the eruption. Further eruptions particularly in 471473 and 512 covered the remains more deeply. Pompeii (/pmpe(i)/, Latin:[pmpei.i]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. The next known date that any part was unearthed was in 1592, when architect Domenico Fontana while digging an underground aqueduct to the mills of Torre Annunziata ran into ancient walls covered with paintings and inscriptions. Fullonica di Stephanus or the Fullery of Stephanus", "I.12.8 Pompeii. 8495, Dobbins, J. J., "Problems of chronology, decoration, and urban design in the forum at Pompeii", AJA, 1994, vol. [15]:63 Nevertheless, Pompeii became a member of the Etruscan League of cities. In 474 BC, the Greek city of Cumae, allied with Syracuse, defeated the Etruscans at the Battle of Cumae and gained control of the area. It is believed that the earthquake would have registered between about 5 and 6 on the Richter magnitude scale. Parts of the Via dell'Abbondanza were also exposed in westeast direction and for the first time an impression of the size and appearance of the ancient town could be appreciated. [103], Other service buildings were the Macellum ("meat market"); the Pistrinum (baker); the Thermopolium (an inn or snack-bar that served hot and cold dishes and drinks), and cauponae ("pubs" or "dives" with a seedy reputation as hangouts for thieves and prostitutes). [92] A "Grande Progetto Pompei" project of about five years had begun in 2012 with the European Union and included stabilization and conservation of buildings in the highest risk areas. Pompeii covered a total of 64 to 67 hectares (160 to 170 acres) or about .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}14 mile and was home to 11,000 to 11,500 people, based on household counts.

Originally built by Giuseppe Fiorelli between 1873 and 1874, the Antiquarium of Pompeii began as an exhibition venue displaying archaeological finds that represented the daily life of the Ancient city. P. G. Guzzo, "Alla ricerca della Pompei sannitica," in, Dionysius of Halicarnassus: Roman Antiquities Book VII. Titus appointed two ex-consuls to organise a relief effort, while donating large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano. With the arrival of the Greeks in Campania from around 740 BC, Pompeii entered the orbit of the Hellenic people and the most important building of this period is the Doric Temple,[14] built away from the centre in what would later become the Triangular Forum. slavery pompeii ancient roman cast pompeii mysteries pompei theguardian dionysus depicting guardian The aqueduct was a branch of the great Serino Aqueduct built to serve the other large towns in the Bay of Naples region and the important naval base at Misenum. Casa dei Gladiatori or House of the Gladiators", "World News Breaking International Headlines & Exclusives | Toronto Sun", "Pompeii Gladiator Training Centre Collapses", "Presenting Pompeii: Steps towards Reconciling Conservation and Tourism at an Ancient Site", "Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata", "Torna a splendere il verde di Pompei: viaggio tra giardini, orti, frutteti e vigneti ritrovati", "Prostitution in Pompeii: 2,000 years after explosion, sex-for-cash is still rife", "Pompeii (and Rome) Water Supply Systems", "VII.1.36 Pompeii. Giuseppe Fiorelli took charge of the excavations in 1863 and made greater progress. Many nearby buildings inside the walls were also destroyed. Wool processing was well developed with 13 workshops that worked the raw material, 7 that did the spinning, 9 the dyeing and 18 the washing: the Building of Eumachia, from the name of the priestess who built it, was the wool market, or the seat of the fullers guild; construction took place after 62 and was entirely in brick work. capri amalfi pompeii campania sorrento tour italy packages culture rome 2022 vacation 2021 trips2italy Modern archaeologists have excavated garden sites and urban domains to reveal the agricultural staples of Pompeii's economy. A 2012 study recommended an improved strategy for interpretation and presentation of the site as a cost-effective method of improving its conservation and preservation in the short term. The building suffered extensive damage in 1943 during the World War II bombings and again in 1980 due to an earthquake. The result was that Pompeii became a Roman colony with the name of Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum. [15] The earliest settlement was focused in regions VII and VIII of the town (the old town) as identified from stratigraphy below the Samnite and Roman buildings, as well as from the different and irregular street plan. [91], In June 2013, UNESCO warned that if restoration and preservation works "fail to deliver substantial progress in the next two years," Pompeii could be placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger. 11,000 in AD 79,[3] enjoying many fine public buildings and luxurious private houses with lavish decorations, furnishings and works of art which were the main attractions for the early excavators. Despite this, the Pompeians were granted Roman citizenship and they were quickly assimilated into the Roman world. pompeii fresco ancient pompei poet roman tragic italy treasures revamped romani wikipedia italymagazine admetus alcestis edit affreschi The nearby cities of Herculaneum and Nuceria were also affected. Pompeii also featured in the second episode of the fourth season of revived BBC science fiction series Doctor Who, named "The Fires of Pompeii",[124] which featured Caecilius as a character. They appeared to have escaped the first eruption but were killed by a second blast the next day. [105][106], An aqueduct provided water to the public baths, to more than 25 street fountains, and to many private houses (doms) and businesses.

Pompeii was fortunate to have had fertile soil for crop cultivation. [2] It was a wealthy town, with a population of ca. His aqueduct passed through and under a large part of the city[59] and would have had to pass though many buildings and foundations, as still can be seen in many places today, but he kept quiet and nothing more came of the discovery. Visitors can see archaeological discoveries from the excavations, casts of the victims of the Mount Vesuvius eruption as well as displays documenting Pompeii's settlement history prior to becoming a thriving Roman city.[123]. [62] On 20 August 1763, an inscription [] Rei Publicae Pompeianorum [] was found and the city was identified as Pompeii. Organic remains, including wooden objects and human bodies, were entombed in the ash. The 1954 film Journey to Italy, starring George Sanders and Ingrid Bergman, includes a scene at Pompeii in which they witness the excavation of a cast of a couple who perished in the eruption. amphitheatre pompeii In the thermopolium of Asellina,[111] with three sales counters and a lararium with depictions of Mercury and Bacchus, numerous furnishings have been found, both in bronze and terracotta, as well as 683 sesterces; the external faade bears a representation of jugs and funnels and an electoral inscription referring to Asellina, probably the owner of the inn.

Two-thirds of the city has been excavated, but the remnants of the city are rapidly deteriorating. pompeii pompeii relics kwant heleen travelvivi [52], An October/November eruption is clearly supported by many pieces of evidence: the fact that people buried in the ash appear to have been wearing heavier clothing than the light summer clothes typical of August; the fresh fruit and vegetables in the shops are typical of October and conversely the summer fruit typical of August was already being sold in dried, or conserved form; nuts from chestnut trees were found at Oplontis which would not have been mature before mid-September;[53] wine fermenting jars had been sealed, which would have happened around the end of October; coins found in the purse of a woman buried in the ash include one with a 15th imperatorial acclamation among the emperor's titles. [101], The evolution of Pompeii's private and public buildings is often unclear because of the lack of excavations beneath the levels of 79. The city became an important passage for goods that arrived by sea and had to be sent toward Rome or Southern Italy along the nearby Appian Way. Catalogue NaplesBruxelles 20032004, 2003, pp. [3], Although best known for its Roman remains visible today, dating from AD 79, it was built upon a substantial city dating from much earlier times. [60], Herculaneum itself was rediscovered in 1738 by workmen digging for the foundations of a summer palace for the King of Naples, Charles of Bourbon.

[57], Over the following centuries, its name and location were forgotten, though it still appeared on the Tabula Peutingeriana of the 4th century. [126][127], Ancient Roman city near modern Naples, Italy, This article is about the classical Roman city. [42], In about 64, Nero and his wife Poppaea visited Pompeii and made gifts to the temple of Venus (the city's patron deity),[43] probably when he performed in the theatre of Naples.[44]. Excavations at the site have generally ceased due to a moratorium imposed by the superintendent of the site, Professor Pietro Giovanni Guzzo. Many of Sulla's veterans were given land and property in and around the city, while many of those who opposed Rome were dispossessed of their property. In the 1920s, Amedeo Maiuri excavated older layers beneath those of 79 AD for the first time in order to learn about the settlement history. In the 2nd century BC, Pompeii enriched itself by taking part in Rome's conquest of the east as shown by a statue of Apollo in the Forum erected by Lucius Mummius in gratitude for their support in the sack of Corinth and the eastern campaigns. Pompeii was one of the towns of Campania that rebelled against Rome in the Social Wars and in 89 BC it was besieged by Sulla, who targeted the strategically vulnerable Porta Ercolano with his artillery as can still be seen by the impact craters of thousands of ballista shots in the walls. pompeii collapse uil officials The smallish size of the town's architecture is also due to the fact that it missed the big building schemes of the early Empire and kept much of its urban architecture that dates from as early as the 4th century BC. In 2018, these led to new discoveries in some previously unexplored areas of the city. [15] Despite the political uncertainty of these events and the progressive migration of wealthy men to quieter cities in the eastern Mediterranean, Pompeii continued to flourish due to the production and trade of wine and oil with places like Provence and Spain,[26] as well as to intensive agriculture on farms around the city. Since then, except for targeted soundings and excavations, work was confined to the excavated areas.